Exceeding the Paris Agreement’s 1.5 °C limit raises urgent questions of how countries’ responsibilities for climate action change in this new context. We introduce “net-zero carbon debt” as a ...

Reward-anticipatory behavior following a reward-predicting stimulus is achieved through Pavlovian conditioning. Dopamine (DA) released within the striatum, the main input station of the basal ganglia, ...

We show that effector deployment at the earliest stages of infection by plant-parasitic nematodes is defined by a feedforward signaling loop, centered on a transcriptional regulator, SUGR-1, and ...

Agriculture is one of the main drivers of global land use change (LUC) as well as terrestrial carbon and biodiversity losses. While the environmental footprint from agricultural production could be ...

Our results uncover a novel mechanism by which the nonvisual opsin receptor opsin 3 (OPN3) modulates food intake via the melanocortin 4 receptor (MC4R), a receptor crucial for the regulation of energy ...

Ecological restoration is widely hypothesized to enhance ecosystem carbon stocks by stimulating plant photosynthetic carbon fixation. However, the role of vegetation in mitigating dryland soil carbon ...

Reports of soil organic carbon (SOC) dynamics in China’s croplands vary substantially due to diverse data sources and the lack of a standardized methodology. Additionally, SOC dynamics in deeper soil ...

Contributed by Carl H. June; received November 13, 2023; accepted February 1, 2024; reviewed by Yizhou Dong and John O’Shea The use of lipid nanoparticles (LNP) to encapsulate and deliver mRNA has ...

Astronomically forced climate change is recorded in the Earth’s cyclic sedimentary record (“cyclostratigraphy”). These records can inform on past dynamics of the Solar system and Earth rotation. Here, ...

Electrolytes with moderate lithium polysulfide (LiPS) solubility are urgently needed to simultaneously mediate the conversion of sulfur (S)/lithium sulfide and suppress LiPS shuttling for achieving ...

Healthy brain function requires a delicate balance of neural excitation (E) and inhibition (I). In animals, this balance—the E/I ratio—is known to decrease with the maturation of inhibitory circuitry ...

The generation of fusion kinases through gene rearrangement represents a primary mechanism of rearranged during transfection (RET) oncogenic conversion. The change of location, increased expression, ...