Deep neural networks (DNNs), the machine learning algorithms underpinning the functioning of large language models (LLMs) and other artificial intelligence (AI) models, learn to make accurate ...

Lighten up So how do you implement a neural network using light? To understand that, you have to understand the structure of a deep-learning neural network.

In this case, the protein-based neural network allows the comparison of multiple inputs and provides a single output, such as programmed cell death or differentiation.

Photonic neural networks—systems that use light instead of electricity to process information—promise faster speeds and lower energy use than traditional electronics.

Although mathematically elegant, back-propagation isn't perfect. Instead consider using particle swarm optimization (PSO) to train your neural network; here's how.