In our model, individuals are autopolyploid with either four (Y 4) or six (Y 6) sets of chromosomes (that is, 2n=4x=tetraploid; 2n=6x=hexaploid), but all populations must have the same ploidy level ...

The traffic assignment problem (TAP) with elastic demands can be formulated as an optimization problem, the objective of which is the sum of a congestion function and a disutility function. We propose ...

An example of the quadratic assignment problem (QAP) is the facility location problem, in which n facilities are assigned, at minimum cost, to n sites. Between each pair of facilities, there is a ...